一.下载中间件
框架图：
下载中间件（Downloader Middlewares） 位于scrapy引擎和下载器之间的一层组件。
- 作用：
（1）引擎将请求传递给下载器过程中， 下载中间件可以对请求进行一系列处理。比如设置请求的 User-Agent，设置代理等
（2）在下载器完成将Response传递给引擎中，下载中间件可以对响应进行一系列处理。比如进行gzip解压等。
我们主要使用下载中间件处理请求，一般会对请求设置随机的User-Agent ，设置随机的代理。目的在于防止爬取网站的反爬虫策略。
二.UA池和代理池：
UA池---User-Agent池 ：
- 作用：尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求伪装成不同类型的浏览器身份。
- 操作流程：
1.在下载中间件中拦截请求
2.将拦截到的请求的请求头信息中的UA进行篡改伪装
3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件
代理池：
- 作用：尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求的IP设置成不同的。
- 操作流程：
1.在下载中间件中拦截请求
2.将拦截到的请求的IP修改成某一代理IP
3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件
from scrapy import signalsimport random# 下载中间件class MiddlewearDownloaderMiddleware(object): # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined, # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the # passed objects. user_agent_list = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24" ] # http代理池 PROXY_http = [ '153.180.102.104:80', '195.208.131.189:56055', ] # https代理池 PROXY_https = [ '120.83.49.90:9000', '95.189.112.214:35508', ] @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): s = cls() crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) return s # 拦截到所有正常的请求对象 def process_request(self, request, spider): request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(self.user_agent_list) # 可以拦截到所有的响应对象 def process_response(self, request, response, spider): return response # 拦截发生异常的请求对象 def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider): # 设置代理ip if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http': request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://'+random.choice(self.PROXY_http) else: request.meta['proxy'] = 'https://'+random.choice(self.PROXY_https) def spider_opened(self, spider): spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)